论一种度量通货膨胀的正确方法

劳工统计局的消费价格指数（CPI）和商务部的国民生产总值折算指数是两种常被引用而且是有报道价值的价格指数。这两种指数已经变成经济信息的重要部份而且常常被认为是经济学家所称的“价格水平”的操作对应物。因此，它们经常被用来作为作通货膨胀的测度，而且经常是货币政策与财政政策的目标或指标。不过，这些价格指数（它们代表对当期消费服务与当期产出价格的测度）就其通常被赋予的作用从理论上说是不适当的。本文的分析是以基于费雪传统的正确定义的跨期消费的价格指数为基础的，得出的结论为用于测度通货膨胀的价格指数必须包含资产价格。对给定效用水平的名义货币成本的变化的正确测度是财富价格指数。如果货币冲击通过对服务流动和资产产生短暂的相对价格变化（如产生实际利率的短期变化）传导至经济实际部门，那么，通常所使用的、不完整的现行流动价格指数会提供“货币购买力”变动的有偏短期测度。主导一般文献和专业文献和分析的不适当的价格指数使货币理论研究与政策得出有显著误差的结果。 　　译者单位：厦门大学经济学院金融学系（361005

Vertical integration and firm boundaries : the evidence

Since Ronald H. Coase's (1937) seminal paper, a rich set of theories has been developed that deal with firm boundaries in vertical or input–output structures. In the last twenty-five years, empirical evidence that can shed light on those theories also has been accumulating. We review the findings of empirical studies that have addressed two main interrelated questions: First, what types of transactions are best brought within the firm and, second, what are the consequences of vertical integration decisions for economic outcomes such as prices, quantities, investment, and profits. Throughout, we highlight areas of potential cross-fertilization and promising areas for future work

Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law

Gindis, David, Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law (October 27, 2017). Journal of Institutional Economics, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2905547, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905547The rise of large business corporations in the late 19th century compelled many American observers to admit that the nature of the corporation had yet to be understood. Published in this context, Ernst Freund's little-known The Legal Nature of Corporations (1897) was an original attempt to come to terms with a new legal and economic reality. But it can also be described, to paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, as the earliest example of the rational study of corporate law. The paper shows that Freund had the intuitions of an institutional economist, and engaged in what today would be called comparative institutional analysis. Remarkably, his argument that the corporate form secures property against insider defection and against outsiders anticipated recent work on entity shielding and capital lock-in, and can be read as an early contribution to what today would be called the theory of the firm.Peer reviewe

The theory of the firm and its critics: a stocktaking and assessment

Includes bibliographical references."Prepared for Jean-Michel Glachant and Eric Brousseau, eds. New Institutional Economics: A Textbook, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.""This version: August 22, 2005."Since its emergence in the 1970s the modern economic or Coasian theory of the firm has been discussed and challenged by sociologists, heterodox economists, management scholars, and other critics. This chapter reviews and assesses these critiques, focusing on behavioral issues (bounded rationality and motivation), process (including path dependence and the selection argument), entrepreneurship, and the challenge from knowledge-based theories of the firm